13th century
From Missiopedia
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Overview: History - Epochs - Turnings - Centuries BC - Centuries AD - Future
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[edit] Of Note
- Notable controveries:
- Notable conflicts: Fourth Crusade.
- Notable empires: Decline of the Byzantine Empire, empire of Genghis Khan.
- Notable peoples:
- Notable individuals:
- Notable Christian events: Catholic orders established: Franciscans, Dominicans.
- Notable Christians: Francis of Assisi, Sorkaktani, Ramon Llull
[edit] Events
- 1200s - Youth of Genghis Khan. Nestorian Christian Keraits become protectors of a young petty chieftain named Temujin, who will rise to become Genghis (Chenggis) Khan of the Mongols.
- 1200 - The Bible is now available in 22 different languages
- 1202 - Fourth Crusade sets forth to Egypt, stimulated by Pope Innocent III. Dependent on Venice for ships, the Crusade was changed under Venetian pressure to replace the emperor at Constantinople with one more amenable to Venetian interests.
- 1204 - Crusaders storm and plunder Constantinople, place a new emperor on the throne and award islands to Venice. The Byzantine Empire becomes weak enough to be later conquered in 1453. Meanwhile the rift between the Catholic and Orthodox traditions was vastly deepened by the Crusade.
- 1206 - The family of Genghis Khan marries three Kerait Christian princess sisters: the eldest daughter for Genghis Khan, the second as the senior wife of Genghis' oldest son Jochi; and the third, Sorkaktani, married to Genghis' fourth son Tolui. She will become the Christian mother of three imperial sons: an emperor of the Mongols, an emperor of China and an emperor of Persia.
- 1206 - Having united several Mongol and Turkish tribes into a confederation, Genghis Khan begins sweeping west, conquering the rich commercial centers of Central Asia; by the time of his death, his empire stretches from northern China and Korea to the Caspian Sea and from the Danube River to the Arctic.
- 1212 - Disastrous Children's Crusade; many of the responding youths end up as slaves in Egypt.
- 1219 - Francis of Assisi presents the Gospel to the Sultan of Egypt.
- 1220 - Dominican Order established.
- 1223 - Franciscan Order established.
- 1227 - Western Asia. Death of Genghis Khan.
- 1242 - Batu, grandson of Genghis Khan, learns of death of Ogetai, son of Genghis Khan; turns away from invasion of Europe to return to Mongolia for selection of new Khan.
- 1240s - Numerous Roman Catholic missions, mostly Franciscans but a few Dominicans, to Mongol Asia, including the journeys of Marco Polo.
- mid-13th century. Mongols devastate Persia, reducing the population of Persia, Khuruasan, Iraq and Azerbaijan from 2.5 million to 250,000 in the last great sweep of the Turkish steppes out of Central Asia into Europe and the Muslim world.
- 1244 - Jerusalem falls again to Muslims, and will remain controlled by Muslims until the 20th century.
- 1251 - King Mindaugas of Lithuania baptized
- 1258 - Mongols under Hulagu Khan destroy Baghdad, ending the Islamic Abbassid dynasty.
- 1260 - Mongols take Damascus.
- 1261 - Byzantine Empire retakes Constantinople, ending Latin rule.
- 1266 - Mongol leader Khan sends Marco Polo's father and uncle, Niccolo and Matteo Polo, back to Europe with a request to the Pope to send 100 Christian missionaries (only two responded and they turned back before reaching Mongol territory)
- 1276 - Ramon Llull opens training center to send missionaries to North Africa
- 1289 - Franciscan friars begin mission work in China
- 1294 - Franciscan Giovanni di Monte Corvino arrives in the court of Kublai Khan, unfortunately a few months after the Khan's death; successful in establishing the church amongst the Mongols.
- 1295 - Mongol leader Ghazan embraces Islam, revives Muslim culture, governs through Persian viziers.
